INSTALLATION NOTES for OpenBSD/amiga 2.1 What is OpenBSD? ---------------- OpenBSD is a Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2) and 4.4BSD-Lite -derived Operating System. It is a fully functional UN*X-like system which runs on many architectures and is being ported to more. Continuing the multi-platform tradition, OpenBSD has added ports to mvme68k, powerpc and arc machines. Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and now several subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue. Security of the system as a whole has been significantly improved. Source code for all critical system components has been checked for remote-access, local-access, denial-of-service, data destruction, or information-gathering problems. Tools like ipf, ipnat, and nc have been added to the tree because security conscious people often need them. OpenBSD 2.1 has significantly enhanced the binary emulation subsystem (which includes iBCS2, Linux, OSF/1, SunOS, SVR4, Solaris and Ultrix compatibility) and several kernel subsystems have been generalized to support this more readily. The binary emulation strategy is aimed at making the emulation as accurate as possible. Cryptography components are part of OpenBSD. OpenBSD is from Canada, and export of these pieces (such as kerberosIV) to the world is not restricted. Note that it can not be re-exported from the US once it has entered US. Because of this, take care NOT to get the distrib- ution from an FTP server in the US if you are outside of Canada and the US. Many new user programs have been added in OpenBSD 2.1, as well, bringing it closer to our goal of supplying a complete and modern UN*X-like environment. Tools like perl and ksh are standard, as are numerous other useful tools. This is the second public release of OpenBSD for the Amiga line of computers. Several graphics, SCSI and network boards are supported. Sources of OpenBSD: ------------------- This is a list of currently known ftp servers: Germany: ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/unix/openbsd/mirrors/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp.de.openbsd.org/pub/unix/openbsd/mirrors/OpenBSD Japan: ftp://ftp.tut.ac.jp/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp.jp.openbsd.org/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/OpenBSD Switzerland: ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD USA: ftp://hydra.heuris.com/pub/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp1.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD ftp://freestuff.cs.colorado.edu/pub/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp2.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.ctaz.com/pub/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp5.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD ftp://pub.seastrom.com/pub/OpenBSD == ftp://ftp1.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD
As well, the file ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/2.1/ftplist contains a list which is continually updated. If you wish to become a distribution site for OpenBSD, contact deraadt@cvs.openbsd.org. OpenBSD 2.1 Release Contents: ----------------------------- The OpenBSD 2.1 release is organized in the following way. In the .../2.1 directory, there is one sub-directory per architecture, for each of the architectures that OpenBSD 2.1 has a binary distribution for. That is described further along in this document). The amiga-specific portion of the OpenBSD 2.1 release is found in the "amiga" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is layed out as follows: .../2.1/amiga/ INSTALL.amiga This file. CKSUM Output of the cksum(1) and md5(1) programs MD5 usable for verification of the correctness of downloaded files. X11/ The X window system for OpenBSD/amiga 2.1 bsd A generic OpenBSD kernel used both for miniroot installation and as the first "real" kernel your OpenBSD installation will use. bsd.rd A ramdisk OpenBSD kernel used for simple installation. miniroot21.fs A miniroot filesystem image to be used if you for some reason can't or don't want to use the ramdisk installation method. *.tar.gz amiga binary distribution sets; see below. utils/ Miscellaneous amiga installation utilities; see installation section, below. Installation/upgrade miniroot file system: This file contains a BSD root file system setup to help you install or upgrade the rest of OpenBSD. This includes formatting root and /usr partitions in the case of an install or converting existing ones if doing an upgrade (this conversion is only needed if you are coming from a real old NetBSD world), then mounting your root and /usr partitions and getting ready to extract (and possibly first fetching) the distribution sets. There is enough on this file system to allow you to make a slip or ppp connection, configure an ethernet, mount an NFS file system or ftp. You can also load distribution sets from a SCSI tape or from one of your existing AmigaDOS partitions. This file is named "miniroot21.fs". The OpenBSD/amiga binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the OpenBSD 2.1 release for the amiga. There are seven binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the "amiga/" subdirectory of the OpenBSD 2.1 distribution tree, and are as follows (all have ".tar.gz" appended to the name given in the table below): base21 The OpenBSD/amiga 2.1 base binary distribution. You MUST install this distribution set. It contains the base OpenBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. [ 12M gzipped, 36M uncompressed ] comp21 The OpenBSD/amiga Compiler tools. The C, C++, and FORTRAN language environments are supported. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. [ 7M gzipped, 24M uncompressed ] etc21 This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set MUST be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should NOT be used if you are upgrading. (If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and CAREFULLY upgrade your configuration files by hand.) [ 90K gzipped, 450K uncompressed ] game21 This set includes the games and their manual pages. [ 3M gzipped, 7M uncompressed ] man21 This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. [ 2M gzipped, 9M uncompressed ] misc21 This set includes the system dictionaries (which are rather large), the typesettable document set, and man pages for other architectures which happen to be installed from the source tree by default. [ 2M gzipped, 6M uncompressed ] text21 This set includes OpenBSD's text processing tools, including groff, all related programs, and their manual pages. [ 1M gzipped, 4M uncompressed ] OpenBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices: -------------------------------------------------- OpenBSD/amiga 2.1 runs on any amiga that has a 68020, 68030, 68040 or 68060 CPU with some form of FPU and MMU. It should also run on MacroSystem's DraCo computer. The minimal configuration requires 4M of RAM and about 55M of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space, and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. (4M of RAM will actually allow you to compile, however it won't be speedy. X really isn't usable on a 4M system.) Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: partition: advise, with X, needed, with X root (/) 20M 20M 15M 15M user (/usr) 95M 130M 75M 110M swap ---- 1MB for every MB RAM ---- -- but the sum of swap and --- - RAM should be at least 16 -- As you may note the recommended size of /usr is 20M greater than needed. This is to leave room for a kernel source and compile tree as you will probably want to compile your own kernel. (GENERIC is large and bulky to accommodate all people). If you only have 4M of fast memory, you should make your swap partition larger, as your system will be doing much more swapping. Supported devices include: A4000/A1200 IDE controller. ISA IDE & ATAPI with a supported ISA bridge. SCSI host adapters: 33c93 based boards: A2091, A3000 and GVP series II. 53c80 based boards: 12 Gauge, IVS, Emplant and Wordsync/Bytesync. 53c710 based boards: A4091, Magnum, Warp Engine, Zeus and DraCo. FAS216 based boards: FastLane Z3, Blizzard. Video controllers: ECS, AGA and A2024 built in on various amigas Retina Z2 and Retina Z3. Picasso II. GVP Spectrum. Piccolo. A2410. Cybervision 64. oMnibus. Domino. Merlin. Ethernet controllers: A2065. Hydra. ASDG. A4066. Ariadne. Quicknet. Via a supported ISA bridge: NE[12]000, SMC/WD 8003/8013/8216 and 3COM 3c503. Arcnet controllers: A2060. Tape drives: Most SCSI tape drives. CD-ROM drives: Most SCSI CD-ROM drives. Serial ports: Amiga serial port. DraCo serial port. MultiFaceCard II and III. A2232. PC COM ports attached to a supported ISA bridge. Parallel ports: Amiga parallel port. PC LPT ports attached to a supported ISA bridge. ISA bridges: The GoldenGate Bus+ (aka GG2). The CrossLink. Amiga floppy drives. Amiga mouse. If its not on this list, there is no support for it in this release. Getting the OpenBSD System onto Useful Media: --------------------------------------------- Installation is supported from several media types, including: AmigaDOS partitions FFS partitions Tape Remote NFS partition FTP HTTP The installation program is run under a minimal OpenBSD environment provided by one of two means: a ramdisk or a miniroot filesystem. We recommend using the ramdisk if your machine is big enough (at least 6MB of fastmem is required), otherwise a miniroot filesystem needs to be transferred to the OpenBSD swap partition. This can be done from AmigaDOS in the case of a new install or upgrade, or from OpenBSD when doing an upgrade. See the "Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation" section for details. The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend on which method of installation you choose. The various methods are explained below. However, for all methods you need to transfer a OpenBSD kernel binary to your AmigaDOS partition, optionally you must also get the miniroot image there for later transfer to your swap partition as explained elsewhere. For ramdisk installs you need to get both the bsd and bsd.rd kernel images, and for miniroot installs you need bsd and the miniroot21.fs image. To prepare for installing via an AmigaDOS partition: To install OpenBSD from an AmigaDOS partition, you need to get the OpenBSD distribution sets you wish to install on your system on to an AmigaDOS partition. All of the set_name.tar.gz pieces can be placed in a single directory instead of separate ones for each distribution set. This will also simplify the installation work later on. Note where you place the files, you will need this later. Also, it might be a good idea to type down the AmigaDOS partition structure of the disk you put these files on. In the context of the install program you will only be able to identify the partition by starting sector (block) number and/or size. The partition names are *not* available. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. To prepare for installing via a tape: To install OpenBSD from a tape, you need to somehow get the OpenBSD filesets you wish to install on your system on to the appropriate kind of tape, in tar format. If you're making the tape on a UN*X system, the easiest way to do so is: tar cvf where "" is the name of the tape device that describes the tape drive you're using (possibly something like /dev/nrst0, but we make no guarantees 8-). If you can't figure it out, ask your system administrator. "" are the names of the "set_name.tar.gz" files which you want to be placed on the tape. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. To prepare for installing via NFS: Place the OpenBSD software you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine which you will be installing OpenBSD on. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file of the NFS server and resetting mountd, acts which will require superuser privileges. Note the numeric IP address of the NFS server and of the router closest to the the new OpenBSD machine, if the NFS server is not on a network which is directly attached to the OpenBSD machine. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. To prepare for installing via FTP/HTTP: The preparations for this method of installation are easy: all you have to do is make sure that there's some FTP- or website from which you can retrieve the OpenBSD installation when it's time to do the install. You should know the numeric IP address of that site, and the numeric IP address of your nearest router if one is necessary Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. If you are upgrading OpenBSD, you also have the option of installing OpenBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, you must do the following: Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere in your current file system tree. At a bare minimum, you must upgrade the "base" binary distribution, and so must put the "base21.tar.gz" set somewhere in your file system. If you wish, you can do the other sets, as well, but you should NOT upgrade the "etc" distribution; the "etc" distribution contains system configuration files that you should review and update by hand. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the upgrade process, actually upgrading your system. Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation: ----------------------------------------------- You will need an AmigaDOS hard drive prep tool to prepare you hard drives for use with OpenBSD/amiga. HDToolBox is provided with the system software and on floppy installation disks since Release 2.0 of AmigaDOS so we will provide instructions for its use. Preparing you hard disk with HDToolBox: A full explanation of HDToolBox can be found with your AmigaDOS manuals and is beyond the scope of this document. Note you will be modifying your HD's if you mess something up here you could lose everything on all the drives that you configure. It is therefore advised that you: Write down your current configurations. Do this by examining each partition on the drive and the drives parameters (from Change drive type.) Back up the partitions you are keeping. What you need to do is partition your drives; creating at least root, swap and /usr partitions and possibly some more for /tmp, /var, /home or others of your own choice. (The root and swap partitions must be on the same drive for your initial installation. You can use other configurations after building a customized kernel once your system is running.) Partitioning is traditionally an area of great confusion and disagreement, and religion plays a large role in most advice you'll get. The author of this paragraph is a fan of large and few partitions, normally one per disk, unless it's the root disk, where I tend to have /, swap, /tmp, /var & /usr. I must admit that I step aside from my normal rules of thumb very often due to the context the machine will work in. This should be done as the HDToolBox manual describes. One thing to note is that if you are not using a Commodore controller you will need to specify the device your SCSI controller uses e.g. if you have a Warp Engine you would: from cli, hdtoolbox warpdrive.device from wb set the tooltype, SCSI_DEVICE_NAME=warpdrive.device The important things you need to do above and beyond normal partitioning includes (from Partition Drive section): Marking all OpenBSD partitions as non-bootable. Changing the file system parameters of the partitions to OpenBSD ones. This must be done from the partitioning section and `Advanced options' must be enabled. To Make the needed changes: - Click the `Adv. Options' button - Click the `Change filesystem' button - Choose `Custom File System' - Turn off `Automount' if on. - Set the dostype to one of these three choices: root partition : 0x4e425207 swap partition : 0x4e425301 other partitions: 0x4e425507 Here `other' refers to other partitions you will format for reading and writing under OpenBSD (e.g. /usr) Make sure you hit the return key to enter this value as some versions of HDToolBox will forget your entry if you don't. - Turn custom boot code off - Set Reserved Blocks start and end to 0. - Click Ok. Mask and maxtransfer are not used with OpenBSD. Until you compile your own kernel your swap partition must exist on the drive that also holds your root partition. Once this is done OpenBSD/amiga will be able to recognize your disks and which partitions it should use. Choosing installation root filesystem type: The OpenBSD/amiga operating system can be installed using two different root filesystems: ramdisk or miniroot. The ramdisk is strongly recommended as it requires less preparation work. However the ramdisk kernel requires that your system has at least 6MB of fastmem. The miniroot requires less (installs on a 4MB system should be possible) and has tools to make SLIP or PPP connections, which the ramdisk doesn't, however you need to be an experienced user to make use of these as the install scripts doesn't deal with them. Furthermore the miniroot install requires you to do the preparation described in the following paragraph. To use the ramdisk install you should get the bsd.rd kernel as well as the standard bsd one, and *do* skip the next section! Transferring the miniroot filesystem: The OpenBSD/amiga installation or upgrade can use a "miniroot" fileystem which is installed on the partition used by OpenBSD for swapping. Once the hard disk has been prepared for OpenBSD, the miniroot filesystem (miniroot21.fs) is transferred to the swap partition configured during the hard disk prep (or the existing swap partition in the case of an upgrade). The xstreamtodev utility provided in the "amiga/utilities" directory can be used on AmigaDOS to transfer the filesystem for either a new installation or an upgrade. The filesystem can also be transferred on an existing OpenBSD (or NetBSD) system for an update by using dd. This should only be done after booting the former OS into single- user state. It may also be possible to shutdown to single-user, providing that the single-user state processes are not using the swap partition. On AmigaDOS, the command: xstreamtodev --input=miniroot21.fs --rdb-name= where is the name you gave to the OpenBSD partition to be used for swapping. If xstreamtodev is unable to determine the SCSI driver device name or the unit number of the specified partition, you may also need to include the option "--device=" and/or "--unit=". To transfer the miniroot using an older BSD, you should be booted up in single user state on the current system, or use the "shutdown now" command to shutdown to single-uyser state. Then copy the miniroot using dd: dd if=miniroot21.fs of=/dev/rsdXb where /dev/rsdXb should be the device path of the swap partition your system is configured to use. Once the file is copied, reboot back to AmigaDOS to boot the new OpenBSD kernel. NOTE: the release kernel is a "generic" kernel, and requires that the swap partition be on the same device as the root partition. Installing the OpenBSD System: ------------------------------ Installing OpenBSD is a relatively complex process, but, if you have this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the information which is presented to you by the install program, it shouldn't be too much trouble. Before you begin, you must have already prepared your hard disk as detailed in the section on preparing your system for install. The following is a walk-through of the steps necessary to get OpenBSD installed on your hard disk. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control-C at any prompt, but if you do, you'll have to begin again from scratch. If you have a small machine (less than 6MB of fast RAM) you'll have to setup a miniroot filesystem in the swap partition, as described in the "Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation" section above. If your machine has 6MB or more we strongly recommend using the ramdisk kernel instead. This way you don't need to setup any root image beforehand. You then need to have "ixemul.library" in your LIBS: directory on AmigaDOS. You also need to have the "loadbsd" program in your command path. If AmigaDOS complains about loadbsd not being an executable file, be sure that the "Execute" protection bit is set. If not, set it with the command: Protect loadbsd add e Next you need to get yourself into OpenBSD by loading the kernel from AmigaDOS with loadbsd like so: loadbsd bsd.rd or, if you are doing a miniroot install: loadbsd -b bsd If you have an AGA machine, and your monitor will handle the dblNTSC mode, you may also include the "-A" option to enable the dblNTSC display mode. You should see the screen clear and some information about your system as the kernel configures the hardware. Note which hard disk device(s) are configured (sd0, sd1, etc). You will be asked for disknames later during the install. If you cannot read the messages as they scroll by, do not worry -- you can get at this information later inside the install program. If you are doing the miniroot install you will be prompted for a root device. At this time type 'sd0*', where '0' is the device which holds the miniroot-containing swap partition you created during the hard disk preparation. If the system should hang after entering the root device, try again with loadbsd -I ff -b bsd This disables synchronous transfer on all SCSI devices. For ramdisk installations this kind of hang might occur later during the install when accessing the SCSI disk for the first time. If such a hang occurs, try again with: loadbsd -I ff bsd.rd While booting, you will probably see several warnings. You should be warned that no swap space is present, and that init(8) cannot find /etc/rc. Do not be alarmed, these are completely normal. When you reach the prompt asking you for a shell name, just hit return. You will be asked which terminal type to use, you should just hit return to select the default (vt220). The install program will then tell you which disks of that type it can install on, and ask you which it should use. The name of the disk is typically "sd0" for SCSI drives or the A4000 IDE drives or "wd0" for ISA-connected IDE drives. Reply with the name of your disk. The install program will now ask which file systems should be created on which partitions. It will automatically select the 'a' partition to be the root file system. Next it will ask for which disk and partition you want a file system created on. This will be the same as the disk name (eg. "sd0") with the letter identifying the partition (eg. "d") appended (eg. "sd0d"). Then it will ask where this partition is to be mounted, eg. /usr. This process will be repeated until you just hit return. At this point you will be asked to confirm that the file system information you have entered is correct, and given an opportunity to change the file system table. Next it will create the new file systems as specified, OVERWRITING ANY EXISTING DATA. This is the point of no return. The install program will now make the filesystems you specified. There should be only one error in this section of the installation. It will look like this: newfs: ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument newfs: /dev/rsd0a: can't rewrite disk label If there are any others, restart from the the beginning of the installation process. This error is ok as the Amiga does not write disklabels currently. You should expect this error whenever using newfs. After all your file systems have been created, the install program will give you an opportunity to configure the network. The network configuration you enter (if any) can then be used to do the install from another system using NFS, HTTP or FTP, and will also be the configuration used by the system after the installation is complete. If you select to configure the network, the install program will ask you for a name of your system and the DNS domain name to use. Note that the host name should be without the domain part, and that the domain name should NOT include the host name part. Next the system will give you a list of network interfaces you can configure. For each network interface you select to configure, it will ask for the IP address to use, the symbolic host name to use, the netmask to use and any interface-specific flags to set. The interface-specific flags are usually used to determine which media the network card is to use. The flags usually carry the following meaning: -link0 -link1 Use BNC (coaxial) port [default] link0 -link1 Use AUI port link0 link1 Use UTP (twisted pair) port After all network interfaces has been configured the install pro- gram will ask for a default route and IP address of the primary name server to use. You will also be presented with an opportunity to edit the host table. At this point you will be allowed to edit the file system table that will be used for the remainder of the installation and that will be used by the finished system, following which the new file systems will be mounted to complete the installation. After these preparatory steps has been completed, you will be able to extract the distribution sets onto your system. There are several install methods supported; FTP, HTTP, tape, CD-ROM, NFS or a local disk partition. To install from a tape, the distrib- ution sets must have been written to tape prior to running the installation program, either as tar images or as gzipped tar images. Note that installation from floppies are not currently supported. To install via FTP: To begin an FTP install you will need the following pieces of information. Don't be daunted by this list; the defaults are sufficient for most people. 1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based ftp proxy (squid, CERN ftp, Apache 1.2 or higher). You need to define a proxy if you are behind a firewall that blocks outgoing ftp (assuming you have a proxy available to use). 2) Do you need to use passive mode ftp? Most modern ftp servers are capable of dealing with passive ftp connections. You only need to enable this option if you are behind a firewall that allows outgoing ftp but blocks incoming tcp ports > 1023. If in doubt say yes to this option. Note that you will not be asked about passive ftp if you are using a proxy. 3) The IP address (or hostname if you enabled DNS earlier in the install) of an ftp server carrying the OpenBSD 2.1 distribution. If you don't know, just hit return when asked if you want to see a list of such hosts. 4) The ftp directory holding the distribution sets. The default value of pub/OpenBSD/2.1/amiga is almost always correct. 5) The login and password for the ftp account. The default will be correct unless you are doing non-anonymous ftp. For instructions on how to complete the installation via ftp, see the section named "Common URL installations" below. To install via HTTP: To begin an HTTP install you will need the following pieces of information: 1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based http proxy (squid, CERN ftp, Apache 1.2 or higher). You need to define a proxy if you are behind a firewall that blocks outgoing http connections (assuming you have a proxy available to use). 3) The IP address (or hostname if you enabled DNS earlier in the install) of an http server carrying the OpenBSD 2.1 distribution. If you don't know, just hit return when asked if you want to see a list of such hosts. 4) The directory holding the distribution sets. There is no standard location for this; You should use the directory specified along with the server in the list of official http mirror sites that you received in step 3. For instructions on how to complete the installation via http, see the section named "Common URL installations" below. To install from tape: In order to install from tape, the distribution sets to be installed must have been written to tape previously, either in tar format or gzip-compressed tar format. You will also have to identify the tape device where the distribution sets are to be extracted from. This will typically be "nrst0" (no-rewind, raw interface). Next you will have to provide the file number of the set that is to be extracted. Note that the file number starts at 1, which is the first file written to the tape. The install program will not automatically detect whether an image has been compressed, so it will ask for that information before starting the extraction. To install from CD-ROM: When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked which device holds the distribution sets. This will typically be either "cd0" or "acd0". Next you will be asked which partition on the CD-ROM the distribution is to be loaded from. This is normally partition "a". Next you will have to identify the file system type that has been used to create the distribution on the CD-ROM, this can be either FFS or ISO CD9660. The OpenBSD CD distribution uses the CD9660 format. You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the CD which holds the distribution, for the amiga this is "2.1/amiga". For instructions on how to complete the installation from the CD-ROM distribution, see the section named "Common file system installations" below. To install from a NFS mounted directory: When installing from a NFS-mounted directory, you must have completed network configuration above, and also set up the exported file system on the NFS server in advance. First you must identify the IP address of the NFS server to load the distribution from, and the file system the server expects you to mount. The install program will also ask whether or not TCP should be used for transport (the default is UDP). Note that TCP only works with newer NFS servers. You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the file system where the distribution sets are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed with a '/'. For instructions on how to complete the installation from the CD-ROM distribution, see the section named "Common file system installations" below. To install from a local disk partition: When installing from a local disk partition, you will first have to identify which disk holds the distribution sets. This is normally "sdN" or "wdN" where N is a number 0 through 9. Next you will have to identify the partition within that disk that holds the distribution, this is a single letter between 'a' and 'p'. You will also have to identify the type of file system residing in the partition identified. Currently you can install from partitions that has been formatted as Berkely fast file system (ffs) or AmigaDOS FFS (ados). You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the file system where the distribution sets are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed with a '/'. For instructions on how to complete the installation from the a local disk partition, see the next section. Common file system installations: The following instructions are common to installations from local disk partitions, NFS mounted directories and CD-ROMs. A list of available distribution sets will be listed. If any sets has already been extracted, those will be marked with an X. Enter the name of one distribution set at a time, until all desired distribution sets has been installed on your system. Common URL installations: Once you have entered the required information, the install program will fetch a file list and present a list of all the distribution sets that were found in the specified directory. (If no valid sets were found, you will be notified and given the option of unpacking any gzipped tar files found or getting a file list if none were found.) At this point you may individually select distribution sets to install or enter "all" to install all of the sets (which is what most users will want to do). You may also enter "list" to get a file list or "done" when you are done selecting distribution sets. (It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename and have it treated as a file set). Once you have selected the file sets you want to install and entered "done" you will be prompted to verify that you really do want to download and install the files. Assuming you acquiesce, the files will begin to download and unpack. If not, you will be given the option of installing sets via one of the other install methods. When all the selected distribution sets has been extracted, you will be allowed to select which time zone your system will be using, all the device nodes needed by the installed system will be created for you and the file systems will be unmounted. For this to work properly, it is expected that you have installed at least the "base21" and "etc21" distribution sets. Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 2.1. When you reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt. There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a networked environment, you should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. Some of the files in the OpenBSD 2.1 distribution might need to be tailored for your site. In particular, the /etc/sendmail.cf file will almost definitely need to be adjusted, and other files in /etc will probably need to be modified, as well. If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book that discusses it. Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System: ------------------------------------------------ The upgrade to OpenBSD 2.1 is a binary upgrade; it would be prohibitive to make users upgrade by compiling and installing the 2.1 sources, and it would be very difficult to even compile a set of instructions that allowed them to do so. To do the upgrade, and if you are using the miniroot installation, you must have the OpenBSD kernel on AmigaDOS and you must transfer the root filesystem miniroot21.fs onto the swap partition of the OpenBSD hard disk. If you are using the ramdsik installation, the bsd.rd kernel is enough. You must also have at least the "base21" binary distribution set available, so that you can upgrade with it, using one of the upgrade methods described above. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since the old binaries are being overwritten in place, you only need space for the new binaries, which weren't previously on the system. If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root and /usr partitions, you should have enough space. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to BACK UP ANY IMPORTANT DATA ON YOUR DISK, whether on the OpenBSD partition or on another operating system's partition, before beginning the upgrade process. To upgrade your system, follow the following instructions: If you know you need an -I option to loadbsd, you should add it to the loadbsd invocation you'll use for the upgrade. Miniroot installation: Transfer the upgrade miniroot filesystem onto the hard disk partition used by OpenBSD for swapping, as described in the "Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation" section above. Now boot up OpenBSD using the 2.1 kernel using the loadbsd command: loadbsd -b bsd You should see the screen clear and some information about your system as the kernel configures the hardware. Note which hard disk device is configured that contains your root and swap partition. When prompted for the root device, type 'sd0*' (replacing 0 with the disk number that OpenBSD used for your root/swap device). The '*' character indicates that the root filesystem is contained on the swap partition. Continue reading below the ramdisk installation description: Ramdisk installation: Now boot up OpenBSD using the 2.1 kernel using the loadbsd command: loadbsd bsd.rd You should see the screen clear and some information about your system as the kernel configures the hardware. Common instructions for both miniroot/ramdisk installations: When you reach the prompt asking you for a shell name, just hit return. You will be asked which terminal type to use, you should just hit return to select the default (vt220). At the question whether to (I)nstall or (U)pgrade choose "U". You will be presented with some information about the upgrade process and a warning message, and will be asked if you wish to proceed with the upgrade process. If you answer negatively, the upgrade process will stop, and your disk will not be modified. If you answer affirmatively, the upgrade process will begin, and your disk will be modified. You may hit Control-C to stop the upgrade process at any time. However, if you hit it at an inopportune moment, your system may be left in an inconsistent (and possibly unusable) state. The upgrade program will then chack & mount your root filesystem under /mnt and grab some configuration info from it for the continued upgrade process. You'll be asked if the network should be enabled at this point. After that is done the rest of the filesystems will be checked and mounted. If you don't already have the OpenBSD distribution sets on your disk, look in the installation section for information on how to transfer them to your disk. Once the distribution sets are transferred to your disk, continue here. (Obviously, if the OpenBSD distribution sets are already on your disk, because you've transferred them before starting the upgrade process, you don't need to transfer them again now!) After the software has been transferred to the machine (or mounted, in the case of upgrading via NFS). Your system has now been upgraded to OpenBSD 2.1. After all this, your machine is a complete OpenBSD 2.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. There are several things that you should do, or might have to do, to insure that the system works properly. First, you will probably want to get the etc21.tar.gz distribution, extract it, and compare its contents with those in your /etc/ directory. You will probably want to replace some of your system configuration files, or incorporate some of the changes in the new versions into yours. Second, you might want to check your /dev against the new MAKEDEV script found there, if you have changed the nodes locally. The upgrade process runs "sh MAKEDEV all" but that may not be enough for your personal setup. Third, you must deal with certain changes in the formats of some of the configuration files. The most notable change is that the "options" given to many of the file systems in /etc/fstab or by hand have changed, and some of the file systems have changed names. To find out what the new options are, it's suggested that you read the manual page for the file systems' mount commands, for example mount_nfs(8) for NFS. (Note that the information for mounts of type "ufs", i.e. Fast File Systems, are contained in the mount(8) man page.) Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the version of OpenBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the OpenBSD distribution. You might also want to recompile any locally-built binaries, to take advantage of the shared libraries. (Note that any new binaries that you build will be dynamically linked, and therefore take advantage of the shared libraries, by default. For information on how to make statically linked binaries, see the cc(1) and ld(1) manual pages.) Getting source code for your OpenBSD System: -------------------------------------------- Now that your OpenBSD system is up and running, you probably want to get access to source code so that you can recompile pieces of the system. A few methods are provided. If you have an OpenBSD CD, the source code is provided. Otherwise, you can get the pieces over the Internet using ANONCVS, CTM or FTP. For more information, see http://www.openbsd.org/anoncvs.html http://www.openbsd.org/ctm.html http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html Using online OpenBSD documentation: ----------------------------------- Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the UN*X "man pages" (documentation) are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are intro(1), man(1), apropos(1), passwd(1), and passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia: -------------- There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at . To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions. There are also two OpenBSD Usenet newsgroups, comp.unix.bsd.openbsd.announce for important announcements and comp.unix.bsd.openbsd.misc for general OpenBSD discussion. To report bugs, use the 'sendbug' command shipped with OpenBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: bugs@OpenBSD.ORG Use of 'sendbug' is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the OpenBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to the mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.