Secespita
ÒThe Sacrificial KnifeÓ
A Roman Book of Blood Sacrifice
Containing:
-The Names of the Gods
-A Fasti of all Holy Days, and Auspicious and Unlucky Days.
-A Multitude of Important Facts

By
Marcus Sulla




Cross Plains, WI
Copyright 1996





Legalities:
All rights are reserved.  The author encourages not-for-profit use and
distribution, with proper citation of authorship.  Suggestions and
further citations are heartily welcome at ÒSulla@globaldialog.comÓ.
My next project is an expansion of this little book into a concordance
of original Latin quotations that reveals the precise wording and
descriptions the Romans used to describe their rituals and Gods.




Table of Contents:

i.     Praecepta
ii.    Nomina Divum
iii.   Fasti     

























Oh Heavenly Muses, help me explain the unspeakable with a few lucid shining 
words, while the breeze wafts through the boughs of the Tree.





Praecepta
	
	This little book presents the Religio Romana, the religion of
classical Rome in a form usable today.  The Old Gods have not
perished, they sleep in great stones, waiting for the words and
sacrifices heralding the Awaking.  This manual contains very old
thoughts, practices, and stories.  The style is often sparse, because
great care has been excercised to keep interpretation to a minimum, at
the price of literature.  If these words do come alive in you, the
reader, than once again, the Old Gods live.

	The Augurs

	The Augurs in ancient times were the holy men that kept the
calender, and advised the rulers about omens and portents.  Their
function was an official state position, originally established by
Romulus, and as time progressed, their numbers increased until they
formed a Collegium.
		



A World View

	Sitting on a high place, facing east, the augur sees the world
differently.  The earth is a coagulation, like whey of the milk of
chaos.  This earth is teaming with power, which they referred to as
numen.  This power swirls down from the Godhead and it has the
potential to change not only the course of human events, but also the
very fabric of creation.  These whirlpools of numen, are the earthly
manifestations of the Gods.  There is divinity in many natural
objects.  Springs, rivers, groves, even rocks and trees, have numen
flowing through them and may require occasional respect.  Man is
separate from the animals, for two reasons.  Firstly, Man was created
not by the Gods, but by Prometheus, a Titan.  Then,during the golden
age, the Gods freely coupled with mortals and planted in man a spark
of divinity.  Unfortunately, the Gods have been sleeping for about two
millennia, so we cannot honestly blame them for the present mess of
the world.  As Pandora discovered, man does have free will, and we
must live with the consequences of our actions.

FAS

	There is such a thing as Natural Law.  This is the natural,
proper order of all things.  If something was inherently, naturally
right, it was referred to as fas.  Likewise, something that is
heinous, wrong, out-of-kilter is nefas.  These concepts stand above
the written laws of man.

The Day
 
	From our high place, we watch the sun rise and set.  Each day
has 24 hours: twelve hours of night, and twelve hours of day.  We tell
time with a sundial with twelve even demarcations.  Thus in the summer
when the days are longer, the daytime hours are longer, and the
nighttime hours are shorter.  When the sun rises, it is the first
hour.  When the sun is at its zenith, it is the sixth hour.  The sun
sets at the twelfth hour.  The night is divided into four watches of
three hours each.  This was more practical because the sundial does
not work so well at night.

  
The Month, and itÕs Parts


	The month consists of around thirty days, but it is not
divided into weeks.  Rather there are three days to which all other
days are calculated.  These are the kalends, the nones, and the ides.
First, some explanation.  Far back in the mists of time, cultured
people told time by the moon.  the phases of the moon were ready
sign-posts to what day it was. The Kalends would indicate the first
day of the month, the night that the first sliver of the new moon was
seen.  The nones were the night of the first quarter.  The ides were
the first night of the full moon.  This works if the demands of your
life style give you three or four weeks leeway on getting things done,
and for several thousands of years, this was fine.  But with the
advent of what some people call progress: trade, manufacturing,
organized agriculture; greater precision became advantageous.

The Solar Year
 
	The lunar calender was adapted to the solar year.  It has been
known for a very long time that the sun spins around the Earth in a
365 day cycle, give or take a few hours.  The moon rotates around the
Earth in a 28 day cycle.  It does not take an Aristotle to figure out
that 28 does not divide evenly into 365.  Therefore the wise ones
began a series of compromises that continues today.  The greatest
compromise is the adoption of the solar year.  The lunar year has
about thirteen months compared to the twelve months of the solar year.
It is obvious that the month as we know it is an adaptation of the
period of a lunar cycle.  The word month is even related to the word
moon.Õ The Babylonians had the good sense to set up twelve months of
thirty days.  This left only a few days left over at the end of the
year.  The advantage of this is that all the months are a consistent
length, and each day corresponds closely to a degree in the 360
degrees of a circle.  Each night at the same time, a star moves one
degree to the west.  A star map and a transit are all an augur
requires to tell exactly what day of the year it is.  But since it is
not compatible with modern life to give up a week at the end of the
year, and certain wise ones will go to extremes to make nature fit the
theory, we now have some months of thirty-one days so we can use up
those extra days, and a leap year every four years to lap up every
last hour.  I will make no comment about the insanity of the present
modern system.  I am sure it makes excellent sense to start the day in
the middle of the night, and the year in the middle of the winter.  It
is just in my present state of old age that I just do not understand
the logic.
 

The Center

	Is the the sun is in the center of the universe?  This was a
radical departure from the universe of Ptolemy, who taught that the
earth was the center of the universe.  A sun-centered, heliocentric,
universe is no better that an earth-centered universe.  What is
different between them is merely the point-of-view.  Albert EinsteinÓs
radical concept about relativity was that time varies according to
your point of view.  Stasis is a very victorian, anal-retentive
concept.  The augurs know that things change constantly.
Nevertheless, calculating and predicting the movements of heavenly
bodies is infinitely easier if the sun is used as a reference point.
When you use the earth as the reference point, planets tend to move
back and forth across the sky in messy tracks.  This is very
understandable if these planets are manifestations of capricious
divine power, but embarrassing if you try to explain their movement
with mass, gravity, and velocity.  An augur, sitting on a high place,
sees the heavenly bodies slowly spin around him, and I am perfectly
satisfied to maintain this point-of-view.

The Shape of the Earth


	Likewise, I will not lower myself to argue the shape of the
earth.  Most people today consider the world a huge sphere, yet
photographs taken from high altitudes do lend credence to a disk
shaped world floating in space.  This topic plainly begs further
unbiased research.

The Four Quarters of the Year

	From simple observation, we know that the day is longer in the
summer, and shorter in the winter.  In the summer, the sun rises
higher than in the winter.  On two days a year, the equinoxes, Ôequal
nightsÕ, the day is as long as the night.  Likewise, in early winter
there is a day with the shortest day and in the summer there is a day
with the longest day.  This is called a ÔsolsticeÕ because it appears
that the sun stands still.  The 25th day of the month is traditionally
associated with the solstices and equinoctes.  This imprecision would
be anathema to a modern scientist, but it has elegance.  All these
four points are associated with festivals and the seasons.

AUC

	The years are recorded in one of two ways.  First, since
consuls were elected yearly, the Romans could just talk about the
consulship of Bill and Al, and everyone would know which year was
referred to.

	 They also tabulated their years from the founding the city of
Rome.  The "City" was Rome, and AUC. , "Ab Urbe Condita", means "from
the founding of the city."  To convert our AD reckoning to AUC, just
add 753.

Time

	I will not even profess to know the secrets of time.  The
first spirits before all else were Time, Chronos, and Earth, Rhea.
From this coupling, arose all the other divinities.  Thus time is most
elemental, and mysterious.  The gods do not experience time like man
does, which is part of the gulf between us.  Those who See, know that
in Truth, time and distance are irrelevant, and are mortal
impediments.





	
The Sacrifice

	Roman paganism revolves around the rites of sacrifice.  The
word itself means to make holy, as the act of sacrifice takes an
object and by means of a rite, gives it to the immortales.  Certain
actions please the gods, and it is these actions that we refer to as
worship.  What worship does is attract the Numen and its effects, both
positive and negative, onto the participant.  A pius man in Rome
respected the Gods and lived a moral and honorable life.  Pius was a
high complement when used to describe a man.  Respect for the Gods is
exhibited in several ways.  Firstly, do not scorn or speak a GodÕs
name in a disrespectful way.  Any time that something must be said
that might offend a God, an apology or epithet must be used.  By
naming a God, the numen of that god is evoked, and the power of that
god flows through you.  

The Greater Gods all have many epithets, and a pius man should always
speak respectfully.  The act of sacrifice also pleases the Gods.
Sacrifice occurs in many forms and rites, but there is a distinct
pattern.  That which is sacrificed must be pleasing to the god, and
each divinity will have his own preference.  The stories often reveal
particular tastes.  For example, laurel leaf is particularly
attractive to Apollo, because Daphne was transformed into a laurel
tree before He could take her.  A burning of some laurel will clearly
attract the attention of the Shining One.  The actual sacrifices will
involve several things.  Food and drink are probably the most common.
It is often good to pour wine onto the earth and bury a crust of
bread.  If the offering is to a celestial, than burnt offerings are
more appropriate.  A fire is set on the altar, and the food and drink
is placed on the fire.  The fire consumes the offering and the smoke
is pleasing to the Gods.  On a more daily basis, incense should be
burned on the altar.  This can be a very simple and efficient way to
appease the gods, since sweet odors are so attractive to them.  A pius
man who burns a cone of incense in the morning before work will surely
have a good day.  Some gods, such as Mars, revel in the smell of
blood, and blood sacrifice is appropriate.  

Chickens, goats, lambs, veal, and any animal can be offered so long as
the animal is clean and undiseased.  Any pain and suffering of a
victim in nefas and will anger the god.  People will wonder about the
sacrifice of humans.  Sometimes in history, the gods have demanded
human blood, but it has been rare.  Normally, a human should never be
sacrificed lest the wrath of gods and Man is to be evoked.  Even the
lowliest slave is worth more to the gods as a worshiper than as a
sacrifice.  The act of sacrifice has three parts.  First the altar
must be consecrated.  Then the participant must be purified.  Finally,
the sacrifice is offered.  This can be a major festival lasting days,
or it can be done in seconds with a few words and the lighting of some
incense.  Big is not necessarily better.  If the action pleases the
god, then things will go well and it will be good for all.  The
principle here is ÒDo ut des,Ó I give to you, so that you may give to
me.  The Gods, though sometimes inscrutable, will favor the pious.

                       
Purification

	Prior to sacrifice, the devotee must rid him/herself of
impurity.  An impure devotee will only anger the God.  There are
several ways to purify oneself for sacrifice:
Wash your hands in clean spring water.
Asperge yourself with holy water.
Bath.
Make a holy sign.
Prayer.
Abstain from sex.
Walk barefoot.
Strip naked.
Wear special garb.
Fast.
Deprive sleep.
Incantation.
Sound or singing.
March in a parade.
Flagellation.
Wear flowers or garlands.

The Sacrifice

	Many actions please the Gods.
It is pleasing to burn incense.
It is pleasing to pour libations of milk, honey, wine, or other drinks.
It is pleasing to bury offerings.
It is pleasing to let birds and other animals devour offerings.
It is pleasing to burn plants that are dear to the God worshiped.
It is pleasing to offer cakes of wheat and honey in special shapes.
It is pleasing to slay on the alter an animal, and burn its blood and entrails.
It is pleasing to cut the flesh and offer fresh blood to the fire.
It is pleasing to offer pain, and be whipped upon the alter.
It is pleasing to release seed onto the alter.
It is pleasing to receive seed on the alter.
It is pleasing to receive the spiritus, and speak oracles.
It is pleasing to receive the spiritus, and to offer seed to the faithful.
It is pleasing to receive the spiritus, and receive seed from the faithful.
It is pleasing to cut off the testicles, and offer them to the fire. 
It is pleasing to offer your throat to the knife.
It is pleasing to throw men into the river.
It is pleasing to burn the heads of captives.
It is pleasing to fight gladiators on the sand in the GodÕs honor.
It is pleasing to perform plays.
It is pleasing to have races and contests in the honor of the God.  

The Language of the Holy

Basic consecration:
	Consecrato aram.  I consecrate this altar.
Avocation:
	Voco te.   I call you.
Sacrifice:
	Dono tibi.  I donate (give formally) to you.
	Benedicas me.  Please bless me.

Latin is pleasing and familiar to the Gods, but English is perfectly
suitable.  Just as a poppy head may substitute for a human head, the
Gods hear the piety, and not the individual words.  The complexity of
ritual, of course, can and will grow far beyond these few words.  The
Life of Man Under the Gods

	Perhaps man was created as a joke, and manÕs trials and
tribulations are solely for the amusements of the Gods.  Life begins
with the copulation of the sexes.  Sex is not a bad thing. On the
contrary, Juppiter spent much of his time copulating with mortal
women, much to the anger of Juno and the detriment of the woman.
Modern moralists are abhorred at the willingness of the gods to
copulate with anything that strikes their fancy.  Ganymede is an
excellent example of a pretty pet that displaced Hebe.  Therefore,
from the example of the gods themselves, homosexuality cannot be
condemned as nefas.  Though same sex unions do not produce children,
the stories make it clear that they often have product of a different
coin.

	Sex in the City can be bought for only a couple copper coins.
This is like purchasing a tryst for 50 cents.  Promiscuity was frowned
upon, but not forbidden.  Certain religious rites involve wanton sex,
and this is acceptable.  But also note that the Bacchanalia created a
public nuisance and was forbidden by the senate.  Though sex was easy,
it is a very bad thing to copulate with a married woman.  If you are
caught, the husbandÕs slaves will hold you down and he will take a
knife and with the force of law disarm you.  It is not a pretty sight.

	It is the matronÕs duty to service her husband, bear sons for
posterity, and manage the household frugally.  If the husband dallies
with the slave girls, it is to be expected.  It is perhaps a blessing,
because it increases the estate and saves the wife the burden of too
frequent pregnancy.  Likewise, eunuchs are highly prized attendants of
the roman matron.  A eunuch, or spado, was created by crushing or
cutting off the testicles.  This leaves the poor slave hurting, but
still sexually capable.  I suppose the roman husband is not too
jealous as long as there is no residue left when the wife is done.

	When a child is born, the father raises it over his head and
proclaims that he accepts it.  If he does not do this, then the baby
is thrown out onto the street.

	Unwanted or deformed babies are regularly exposed.  Slave
hunters often pick them up, or if they are lucky, the dogs eat them.
Infants are named on their ninth day, girls on their eighth day.  (See
the god Nondinus)

	Baby boys are not circumcised.
	Of course, infants are nursed, what else could you do?
	Young boys are sent to schools for education.  Girls are
taught household skills by their mothers.
	Young boys are given a ÒbullaÓ, which is a talisman.  The
bulla is given up when achieving adulthood at age thirteen.
	If illness strikes, it is customary to sleep in the temple of
Asclepius, and therefore the spirit of Asclepius can come and cure.
	Life is hard, short, and precious.

	When a soul, does leave this world, it is sad.  The Fates
weave the thread of life, and the time inwhich they snip the thread,
is totally up to them.  Even mighty Jove cannot keep a soul in the
land of light beyond its fated day.  When that thread is cut, Mercury,
or sometimes Iris comes and takes the hand of the soul and leads it
down into the Land of the Dead.

	The body should be washed, a coin is placed in the mouth, and
it is sown into a shroud.  A vigil is held, because if watch is not
made, larvae or lemurs can come and possess the body.  The body is
taken from the City, and with procession, prayers, sacrifices, the
body is placed on a pyre and burned.  The ashes are placed in an urn
and kept in the family mausoleum. A death mask of plaster, silver, or
gold is sometimes placed in the tomb.  All burials are performed
outside of the City.

	If the body is properly buried, and the correct rites sung,
the soul is lead peacefully away.  The soul of an unburied body
wanders in this world, an unhappy ghost.

	Mercury will lead the soul down into the Land of the Dead.  It
lies down deep in the bowels of the Earth, on the far shore of the
River Styx.  The passage down is guarded by Cerberus, the three headed
dog. A divine word can calm this animal, a mortal is torn apart.
Mortals are not allowed in the Underworld.

	A crowd of souls stand at the shore of the river Styx.  They
await the ferry man Charon.  He rows back and forth in a rickety boat.
Those souls with a coin, go right across.  Those souls with no toll
must wait twenty years for a passage.

	The Land of the Dead has a reputation of not being a pleasant
place.  Those souls that offended the gods in their life times are
sometimes condemned to eternal torment.  The Elysian Fields are a
reasonably pleasant place and this is reserved for good people.  You
should never forget that the Gods have long memories.

	Some people will devote themselves to a God.  This is fine.
If someone has the time to seek, he will find.  There are many
mysteries that can only revealed to the initiates of those gods.  The
religions of Orpheus, Cybele, Mithras, and Bacchus were involved,
passionate, and ecstatic.  Unfortunately, they are far beyond the
scope of this manual, but their numines do still flow from the
godhead.

	The working man must often be content with respecting the
Lares and Penates, and offering sacrifices on festival days.  In the
event of a crisis, a sacrifice to an involved god can often restore
balance.

	A pius man will do what he can and the gods will be pleased.
It is more pleasing to the gods for a poor man to give what little he
has without reservation, than for a rich man to erect a presumptuous
gilded temple.  The gods can be benevolent and merciful.  They can
also be capricious and cruel.

	All men have masters. This is a hard fact.  In the time of the
City, people were bound by law, obligation, debt, and servitude.
Today, people are bound by law, obligation, and debt.  The effect is
the same, although in todayÕs world the masters have no obligation to
their lessers.  They have created a system where they extract
incredible amounts of labor from people and then discard them, and
they are not even required to feed them.  The modern moralists decry
the lack of the value of life in the City, but they do not look
carefully at our world.  In todayÕs world, you can buy a life for
$4.25 an hour.  There are lessons to be learned here.

Sacrifice Today.

	The sacrifice in todayÕs world is a complicated matter.  Many
localities have ordinances that forbid blood sacrifice, or even the
keeping of animals necessary for the rites.  Therefore, a devotee will
have to make many concessions.

	Once an altar is consecrated, sacrifice should be simple, as
long the altar in not defamed.  If you are looking at a bad day at
work, and you need some help, you would do something like this.  In
the morning, wash your hands.  Approach the altar, ring a bell, say ,
Ò O Lares and Penates, come and accept this offering, and bless this
day.Ó Light a cone of incense one the altar, and continue on with day.
If this does not help, then perhaps a more intense ritual will be
required.

	The altar should ideally be placed outside, where a charcoal
brazier can be safely lit.  The size, decoration, and construction are
all variable.  Ideally, the altar would be built in a walled garden
where rites could be conducted in privacy.  Neighbors would probably
not appreciate the killing of animals, burning of entrails, nudity,
drunkenness, and sexual activity under their kitchen window.  Never
condemn the unfaithful!  The religio accepts all Gods, and it is not
profane to drink the blood and eat the body of the Christ on the
Easter holiday.

	Though the religio was practiced openly two millennia ago, it
must be practiced as a mystery today and conducted in secret.  There
is no reason that festivals cannot be celebrated just as we all do the
Saturnalia.  Other than a sacrifice at the altar, the celebration to
Saturnus could be performed without change.  You would deck the Halls,
exchange gifts, and have a joyous holiday season.  The offering of
milk and cookies by children to Santa-Father Christmas is a pagan
sacrifice, conducted with the same reverence as it was in the ancient
city.

	A pagan community may be necessary for the complete
restoration of the religio, but remember that a temple is always built
one brick at a time.


Further Study

	This is not a book of cute stories.  There are hundreds of
books on mythology, and very few of them deal with the religiosity of
the stories.  I advise bypassing all these, and going directly to the
primary sources.  Harvard Heinemann publishes the Loeb classical
series which has the Latin on one page and a generally good
translation on the facing page.  The primary ÒbibleÓ of the religio is
without doubt OvidÕs Metamorphoses.  His Fasti is a close second.  The
lyric poets Horace, Tibullus, and Catullus are crammed with divine
references that offer a tremendous amount of diffuse detail.  The
histories have far less, but have more comment about the place the the
religion in roman society.

	There is no one source that puts down on paper all the beliefs
and rituals.  The Romans would have thought it unnecessary since the
Gods were independent and changing in importance and demands.
Therefore, what remains we have today seem to be contradictory in some
cases and fragmented.  Thus this little book is just a rough attempt
to assemble a few small parts.
	 
The Names of the Gods

	The following is a list of the Gods.  Some extra information
is included on obscure names, but the major Gods are just listed, with
the meaning of the name.


	

	



Consentes Dii



Vesta-
	Hearth
	
Minerva-
	Wisdom
Ceres-  ÒGrainÓ
Diana -ÒGoddessÓ 

Venus- ÒBeautyÓ

Mars, Camulus
	War

Mercury- ÒmerchantÓ
	Messenger 

Jove- ÒgodÓ
	Father Sky

Neptune- ÒnephewÓ
	Sea  
	
	
Vulcan
	Smith
	

Apollo
	Sun

Also:
Saturn- ÒSowerÓ
	

Pluto & Proserpine(Brimo)
	Death
	Pluto= wealth


The Indigites:



Adeona, Abeona-  Òto, from goingÓ
	The goddess invoked on a journey.

Adonis- ÒmanÓ
	The beloved of Venus, Apollo, and Bacchus.  A demi-god.
Agenoria, Ageronia
	Agenoria is a goddess of industry and silence.

Agonius- Ôperhaps from word for sacrificeÕ
	Patron of the actions of men.
	Refers to Janus 
Aius Locutius- Ôgod f. aiser? speakingÕ
	

Albunea, Albuna- Òthe whiteÓ
	A grove goddess, residing in a spring at Tibur.
Amburbia
	
Ancaria
Angerona
	Angerona is the goddess of suffering and silence.
	Goddess, Dec 21 Angeronalia

Anna Perenna-  Ômother? or pass a year every yearÕ
	This goddess is the bestower of the returning year.

Anteros
	God of mutual love and tenderness; avenger of slighted love; a kind of 
amethyst.

Antevorta- Òturn mind beforeÓ
	The goddess who knows and reminds man of things past.  She is
also called Porima.

Asclepius
	- Son of Apollo, god of healing. A demi-god.

Ate, Discordia- Òater, black; not harmonyÓ
	A daughter of Nox, goddess of all evil, exiled from heaven by
Jove.  She was sister to Nemesis, the Parchae, and Death. She appears
as a ghastly woman with torn garments, fiery eyes, and holds a
concealed dagger.  Her head is crowned with serpents and she is
attended by Bellona.  She is the cause of all the murders, quarrels,
wars, and conflict on earth.
	

Attis
	Consort of Cybele

Averruncus- Òto avert, removeÓ
	God of averting; perhaps associated with Robigus; 

Bacchus- God of the fertile vine. 
	Agriona, a Boetian festa

Bellona- ÒwarÓ
	She is the goddess of war, the sister of Mars. Her festivals
were March 24, and June 3; She is an attendant to Mars and prepares
his chariot; she appears as a woman with wild hair and carries a whip
into battle to incite the warriors.  The temple of Bellona was without
doors.  At the door to the temple was a column called the column of
war.  Whenever war was declared, a spear was thrown over the column.
The priests of Bellona mutilate themselves and offer their blood to
the goddess.

Bibesia- ÒdrinkÓ
	Bibesia is the goddess of beverages.

Bona Dea- Ògood goddessÓ 
	- The Good Goddess: The Great Mother; This goddess was
worshiped by only women and was so modest that her festivals were
celebrated at night.

Bonus Eventus- Ògood eventÓ
	The god who rules over the fortune of single events, and not
the course of human life.  He is signified by a handsome man who holds
a cup and a sheaf of grain.

Bubona- ÒCowÓ
	Bubona is the protectress of cattle.

Caca- ÒShitÓ
	Caca is the goddess of excrement and ministered to by the Vestals. 

Carna, cardinea- Òhinge; formerly CraneÓ
	Carna is goddess of door hinges, entrails, and secret parts of
the body. She was originally a virgin huntress whom Janus violated.
He then made her protectress of the exterior of houses and the power
for removing pesky birds.

Carmenta
	Carmenta is one the of the Carminae, mother of Evander, and a
demi-goddess of prophecy.  She was known for her wild possessed look
when speaking oracles.  She was received by King Faunus in Italy 60
years before the Trojan war (550 years before the founding of the
City.).
 
Castor and Pollux
	Castor and Pollux are the twin sons of Jupiter by Leda. White
lambs are the favored sacrifice.They rode winged horses and ruled
victories, commerce, weights, and measures.

Charon
	- Ferryman to the underworld

Concordia- Òwith the heartÓ
	Concordia is the goddess of peace and harmony. She appears as
a beautiful woman, crowned with garlands, holding a cup, or scepter,
or cornucopia.  She is evoked to promote the peace and harmony of
families and individual citizens.

Clementia- Òcle -mindÓ
	-Goddess of tolerance and mercy

Cloacina, Cluacina Venus- ÒSewerÓ
	-The purifier; the Romans purified themselves by her statue
with myrtle during the Sabine war.

Comus
	-God of feasting and revelry, and nocturnal carousing; During
his feast, man and women cross-dress.  He is represented by a handsome
young man crowned with flowers and holding a torch.

Consus- ÒcouncilÓ
	Consus was the god of advice and council.

Copia- ÒPlentyÓ
	Copia is the goddess of plenty.  She is represented by a young
virgin crowned with flowers, and holding the cornucopia.

Cotytto
	Cotytto was the goddess of debauchery, and her priests were
the Baptae.  She was worshiped in Greece and Sicily, and is perhaps a
manifestation of Proserpine or Ceres.

Cupido- Lust: the God of Physical Love; son of Venus; at pretty boy
with a bow and arrow.

Cybele

Dis- ÒThe godheadÓ

	Dis is Pluto, the god of the Dead. Dis= wealth. 

Discordia- See Ate

Duelliona- See Bellona

Edesia- ÒeatingÓ
	Edesia is the goddess of food.

Epona- ÒHorseÓ
	Epona is the protectress of horses.

Empusa-
	Empusa was a monster sent by Hecate to frighten travellers.


Erebus-
	A deity of Hell, son of Chaos and Caligo; He married Nox, by
which he had Lux and Dies.  He signifies the infernal regions.

Fascinus-
	The protector of witchcraft, sorcery, and demons.

Fabulinus- Òlittle storyÓ
	The god of the first words of children.

Fama- ÒfameÓ
	Fama is a goddess represented by a woman blowing a trumpet.

Fatua-
	The goddess known as Fauna.

Faunus-Also called Lupercus; An Italic Pan; The Horned God. Ruler of
flocks and farms, apiary,fishing, orchards, gardens, animals,
fertility, Nature, woods, music, dance . He has the power to incite
terror in mortals.


Fauna, Consort of Faunus- A fertility goddess with a mystery in early
december.

Faustitas- ÒfavoredÓ
	 A goddess which rules over cattle.

Februus- ÒfeverÓ
	God of Purification

Fessonia- ÒWearyÓ
	Goddess of the weary.

Flora- ÒflowerÓ
	Goddess of Flowers; signified by a woman crowned with flowers
and holding the cornucopia.


Fides- Faith 
	She is represented by a young woman crowned with an olive
branch, with a cup or turtle, or a military ensign in hand.  She wears
a white veil or stola; her priests wear white; Numa first instituted
the worship of this divinity and her temple was on the capitoline
hill.

Fidius Dius-  faithful God  
	Fidius is the divinity by which oaths are sworn; also known as
Sanctus Sabus and Semipater.  Some suppose that he was Hercules, and
others the first king of the Sabines.


Fornax- ÒovenÓ
	The goddess of baking bread.

Fortuna- ÒluckÓ 
	The goddess of Luck; Her signs are the wheel, the sphere, the
shipÕs rudder and prow, and the cornucopia.  She rules oracles, fate,
chance; She is a protectress of married women.

Fraus- ÒfraudÓ
	The daughter of Orcus and Nox; she was signified by a
beautiful woman with hidden deformities, terminating in a spotted
serpent.

Furina- ÒtheftÓ
	The goddess of thieves.
	

Fulgora- ÒlightningÓ
	Fulgora is the goddess of lighting and storms.

Gratiae- ÒgraceÓ
	The Graces, also known as the Charites, are the daughters of
Venus by Juppiter or Bacchus.  They rule over all kindness and
benevolence.  They are signified by three young virgins, naked,
holding hands.  They are the constant attendants of Venus.

Hebe-
	The cup bearer of the gods before being replaced by Ganymede.
Hebe was signified by a beautiful woman.  She married Hercules and
effected the reconciliation between Juno and Hercules.

Hecate-    also known as Trivia- ÒcrossroadsÓ
	Diva Triformis, Tergemina, Triceps
	The Witch form of Diana; ruler of magic,vengeance, expiations,
riches victory, wisdom , and choices.  Hecate is signified by a woman
with three faces.  Dogs, lambs, and honey are particularly favored by
her.

Honor- ÒhonorÓ 
	God of honor.

Horae- ÒhoursÓ
	The horae are three sisters, born of Juppiter and Themis who
are the seasons of Spring, Summer and Winter.

Horta, Orta
	Hersilia was the sabine wife of Romulus, who was deified by Juno.


Ilithyia- Juno Lucina

Iris- ÒrainbowÓ
	Iris is the messenger of the gods.  Her duty was to cut the
thread of life of those expiring.  She is signified by a beautiful
woman with irredescent wings.  She is an attendant to Juno.

Juventas, Juventus- ÒyouthÓ
	Juventas was the roman form of Hebe, the beautiful cup-bearer
	of Juppiter.

Lara, Larunda-
	An Etruscan goddess.

Lares-
	The Lares are the household gods. 

Laverna-
	Goddess of thieves

Levana- ÒlightÓ
	Levana is the goddess who oversees the acceptance of a
new-born by his father when he lifts it up and declares its paternity.
 
Libera- See Proserpine.

Liber- ÒFreeÓ
	Liber is the god of wine, and some think a manifestation of Bacchus.

Liberalitas- ÒfreelyÓ
	Liberalitas is signified by a woman holding a cornucopia, or
distributing money with the other.
	

Libertas- ÒFreedomÓ
	Libertas is the goddess of freedom and manumission.  She is
signified by a woman holding a rod and a slaveÕs cap.  Cats are dear
to her.

Libitina-
	Libitina is the goddess of funerals.  The register of the dead
is kept at her temple.

Lua-  ÒpurifiedÓ
	The goddess who rules over things purified by rite.  She is
perhaps a manifestation of Ops.

Lucina- ÒluxÓ
	Lucina is the daughter of Juppiter and Juno, and rules over
labor and childbirth.

Luna-  ÒmoonÓ
	Luna is a manifestation of Diana.

Maia-Mother Earth, 

Mania, also Lara
	Mania is the mother of the Lares, and the Manes; probably she
is Etruscan in origin; She is evoked at festivals honoring the Lares,
and sacrificed to with poppy- heads or garlic.

Matuta-  ÒmotherÓ
	Dawn, Mater Matuta
	See Bona Dea

Mens Bona- Ògood mindÓ

Momus-
	Momus is a god of pleasantry; he was one of the gods that were
driven from heaven.

Molae- ÒgrindstoneÓ 
	Daughter of Mars, worshiped by millers

Moneta- ÒwarnÓ
	Moneta is a manifestation of Juno.

Mors- ÒdeathÓ
	

Muses
Muta- ÒchangeÓ

Nemestrinus- ÒgroveÓ
	God of the Groves mentioned only by Arnobius

Naenia-
	Naenia was the goddess of funerals; her temple is by the gates
of the City, and songs to her are sung to at funerals.  Burials are
never within the walls of the City.  The tombs line the roads leading
from the City.

Nemesis-
	Goddess of vengeance and reward of virture.

Nondina, Nundina- Ònine dayÓ
	The goddess that presides over the rite inwhich infants are
named.  This occurs nine days after birth for boys, and eight days for
girls.  The child is carried around the altar, and is then asperged
with water.

Nocturnus- ÒnightÓ
	Perhaps the same as Vesper or Nox, Nocturnus is a god of the night.

Nodinus- ÒknotÓ
	Nodatus is the god of the knots of riping barley.
	

Nodatus- ÒKnottedÓ



Numeria-  ÒnumberÓ
	Goddess of numbers

Novensiles- ÒnewÓ
	Novensiles is the name given to foreign gods that were not
	originally Italic.

Nortia, Nurtia-
	Etruscan Goddess of Fortune.  Probably related to the word for
wet-nurse, nutrex.

Nox- ÒnightÓ

Nursica-
	Etrurian Goddess; see Nortia, this is probably the same word
with a descriptive particle inserted.

Nyads-

Nymphs-

Occator- ÒharrowÓ
	Occator is the god of harrowing, that is the cutting of the
	soil for planting.
	

Ops- ÒwealthÓ
	Ops is the daughter of Sky and Earth and wife of Saturn, and
mother of Jove.  She is signified by a matron with helping hand
extended and holding a loaf of bread in the other.  She is often
considered to be a manifestation of other matron goddess such as
Cybele, Bona Dea, Proserpine, and Juno.

Orbona- ÒorphanÓ
	Goddess of Orphans

Orcus (Quietalis)-  ÒhellÓ
	Orcus is a chthonic deity, perhaps a manifestation of Pluto.
The word is also used to signify the Land of the Dead.

Orpheus & Eurydice

Pales-
	Pales is the goddess of sheep and pastures.  She is perhaps a
manifestation of Vesta or a male deity.

Palici, Palisci-   (Same root as Pales)

Pallor
	Goddess of Paleness

Pan-

Panacea-

Panda-
	GoddessÕ of openings of roads and towns

Parcae-
	Nona
	Decima
	Morta

Pavor-

Paventia-

Pax- ÒPeaceÓ

Pellonia-

Penates-

Pertunda-
	Goddess of Consummation.

Peta- ÒSeekÓ 
	The goddess of prayer.

Picumnus-

Pilumnus-

Pomona- ÒfruitÓ
	
Portumnus- ÒharborÓ  
	Portumnus is a god of harbors and the sea.

Porus-

Postverta- ÒTurn backÓ
Potina- ÒDrinkÓ
	Potina is the goddess of drink.

Priapus-
	Gardener

Prosa, Prorsa-

Prudentia-

Pudicitia-
Puta-

Quies, Quietus Fanum
	Tranquility

Robigo-Óreddening?Ó
	Rust

Rumia, Rumina- ÒpapÓ 
	Goddess of the breast.


Runcina-

Salus- ÒHealthÓ
	Health, represented by the serpent.



Sarritor- ÒhoeingÓ
	God of hoeing or weeding
Satyr- Òsower(?)Ó

Segestia, Segetia-
	Crops
	Ruler of standing crops

Seia- ÒseedÓ
	Sower
	Ruler of Sowing

Semo, Semonia  -ÓSeedÓ
	Seed

Silenus-

Silvanus- ÒforestÓ
	God of the forest.

Somnus-ÓDreamÓ

Stimula- ÒincitationÓ

	Goddess who incites to action or pleasure.

Strenia, Strenua-
	Goddess who presides over New-YearÕs gifts.

Suada, Suadela- ÒPersuasionÓ
	Goddess of persuasion.

Tellus, see Terra
	Goddess of the earth.
	Represented by a woman with many breasts; crowned with
turrets; sceptre in one hand, a key in the other; a lion at her feet.

Tempestas- ÒStormÓ 

Terminus-  ÒboundaryÓ
	God of bounds and limits, and to punish the theft of land.
Represented by a head (unable to move.) A temple on the Tarpeian rock.

Terra (see Tellus)- ÒearthÓ
	Goddess of the earth.
	Wife of Coelus, Mother of Oceanus

Terror- ÒterrorÓ
	Attendant to Mars and Bellona.

Vacuna- ÒemptyÓ
	Goddess of repose and leisure.  Festival in the month of
December and she had a famous Sabine temple.

Vallina, Vallonia- ÒvalleyÓ
	The goddess of valleys

Veritas- ÒtruthÓ

Vertumnus-
	Changing Seasons
	Ruler of Trade and Produce

Victoria- ÒvictoryÓ

Virginensis- ÒvirginÓ
	Goddess of virginity; honored the bridal chamber.

Virtus- ÒvirtueÓ
	
Viriplaca- ÒPleasingly StrongÓ
	Goddess of domestic peace; families reconciled at the temple
on the Palatine.

Vitula-

Volendo-

Volutas-

Voluptas, Volupia- ÒlustÓ
	Goddess of sexual pleasure.
	A Beautiful woman, enthroned with Virtue at her feet. 
 
Voltumna, Vulturna
	Goddess of the Etruscan confederation.
	Goddess of kindness and good will.  Same as
	Volumna, Etruscan.
Vulturnus-

Volumnus, Volumna-
	 Well-wishers, gods of new-born infants.
	Gods of the Will, invoked often at weddings.

Volta-
	Etruscan name of a monster among the Volsinians.

 
Volutrina-

Vulturnus-
	God of the Tiber.




















Fasti


	A few comments: following is a calender of the Roman year; I
utilize the standard form of months of thirty and thirty-one days.
The second number after the date is the degree of the sun from March
1.  By ignoring the dates of 31, the calender easily fit into the 360
degree circle.  The harmony of the dates and degrees makes this
arrangement attractive.  You might notice that I am missing a degree
at the end.  The elegance of this far overrides the science.  The
length of the day is also stated, since this changes each day.  Divide
this period by 12 to get the length of the Roman hour for that day.

	F is a lawful day, N (nefastus) is an unlawful day, NP is a
half day (nefastus parte), or EN (endotercisi) when business may be
conducted at midday.

	The first number is the day of the month; then there is the
degree of the sun from the first day of the year; finally there is the
length of daylight on that day; finally, Roman calendar nomenclature
describing the day.







i. March
	March is the first month of the year.  This makes good sense,
because the earth is finishing with winter, and life begins to grow
again. This month is the begining of the eternal cycle of life and
death.  March is named after the divine Mars, the patron of Rome.
Therefore, the old Mars, Mamerius Veturius, is driven from the City on
the day preceding the 1st day of the full moon.

	1-1  11:14  D NP
 Matronalia: A festival inwhich flowers were offered to Juno, and Mars
is venerated in commemoration of the Rape of the Sabines, and the
reconciliation of warring parties. OF Flowers are offered.  There are
garlands of flowers.  Hair is loosened and there is prayer.  The Salii
carry their shields and chant Òmamurius.Ó Marriage is not propitious
on this day.  Hair is left unkempt by pointy capped flamines.
	
	  
	2-2 ater 11:16  EF
 Festival of Mars: continuation of the Matronalia.

	3-3  11:19  FC
	4-4  11:22  GC
	5-5  11:24  HC
	6-6  11:28  A NP  hoc.die.caesar.pontif.maxim.fact.est
 Compitalia: The festival venerating the Lares. 
	 Small images of men and women are placed at cross-roads;
	 lamps are burned to honor the gods; 
	doorways are  decorated and wreathed; 
	the Pater Familias sacrifices to the Lares.  

	Tarquin offered heads to the Lares, but Brutus thought it
proper to offer poppy heads and straw men after the expulsion of the
Tarquins.
	Slaves minister the celebration, and during this time they are
treated as free men.  Incense is burned to Vesta.
	
	7-7 Nones  11:31 B F
The temple of Vejovis was consecrated.
	8-8 ater  11:33  CF
	9-9  11:36  DC
	10-10  11:39  EC
	11-11  11:42  FC
	12-12  11:45  GC
	13-13  11:48  H EN
Quirinalia: The festival of Romulus deified.
	
	14-14  11:50   A EQ NP
	Equiria- Annual horse race in honor of Mars.

	15-15 Ides  11:53  B NP
	A white lamb is sacrificed to Jove.
	Festival of Anna Perenna:

	The faithful sit in the sun and drink on the river bank with a
	partner; they sing and dance indecently and as they parade
	home, they are pronounced Òfortunate.Ó

	Drink as many cups of wine as years you wish to live.
	16-16 ater  11:56  C F

	17-17   12:00  D LIB NP
	 Liberalia: The festival of Bacchus; 
	Boys assume the toga virilis on this day; 
	Slaves are allowed to speak freely.
	Cakes with honey are offered.
	Cymbals are rung.
	The thyrsus rules.
	All is garlanded in ivy,  because ivy conceals. 
	A procession carries a phallus to the fields, where it is wreathed.

	18-18  12:02  EC
 	Quinquatria, fest of Minerva, on days 18, 19, 20, 21, 22;
	This begins as a bloodless festival celebrating the birth of Minerva.

	19-19 12:05  QUIN N

	20-20  12:08  GC
	 On this day , blood is shed in the arena.

	21-21 12:10  HC
	 More blood is shed for Minerva.
	 The feast of Cybele and Attis, 21,22,23. 

	22-22  12:13  AN
	 More blood is shed for Minerva.
	
	23-23  12:16  B TUBIL NP
	Tubilustrium: The ritual purification of the trumpets used at sacrifices.

	24-24  12:20  C Q REX C F

	25-25  12:22  DC
	 Hilaria,  (Vernal Equinox)
	  -Statue of Cybele purified at Almo
	Festival of the Mater Magna.
	This festival lasts several days.
	There is a sumptuous procession.
	Sorrow is suspended.
	Dress however.
	Bacchanalia

	26-26  12:25  EC
	27-27  12:28 F NP 
	28-28  12:31  GC
	29-29  12:33 HC
	30-30  12:33  AC NP

	31-X   12:40  CC
	Sacrifice to Luna.






ii. April
	The month of April is probably named after a form the  word
	Aphrodite.
	
	1-31 kalends 12:43  CK NP
	There is a sacrifice to Juno.
	Veneralia: a festival for Venus Verticordia and Fortuna
	Virilis is celebrated.
	Women only.
	Remove ornaments from the holy idol and wash it.
	Offer flowers, especially roses.
	Garland the temple in Myrtle
	All must be nude.
	Incense is offered.
	A potion of poppy, milk, and honey.

	2-32 ater  12:45  D F
	3-33  12:48  EC
	4-34  12:51  FC ludi.matr.mag
	Ambarvalia: This is the festival of the Magna Mater.
	Cymbals, flutes and drums sound.
	Eunuchs parade with self-mutilation.
	She delights in noise.
	The idol is carried in procession around the fields three times.
	Fresh flowers are scattered.
	A heifer innocent of work and mating is sacrificed.
	A white haired priest in a purple robe washes the idol.

	5-35 nones 12:53  G ludi
	The temple of Fortuna is consecrated  on the Quirinal.
	Games are conducted.

	6-36 ater  12:56  H NP ludi
	Games are conducted.

	7-37  12:59  AN ludi
	Games are conducted.

	8-38  13:02  BN ludi
	Games are conducted.

	9-39  13:05  CN ludi
	Games are conducted.
	
	10-40  13:08  DN lud.in.cir
	there is a procession of the idol in the Circus.
	Horses are raced.

	11-41  13:10  EN
	This is the festival of the Ludi Cereales.
	Ceres taught man to eat grain rather than acorns.
	Spelt and salt are pleasing to her.
	Incense is burned to her.
	Pure things appeal to Her.
	Pigs are sacrificed-- a yokable animal is not pleasing to Ceres.
	White is pleasing to Ceres: wear white.
	Decorate with garlands of grain. 

	12-42  13:13  FN  ludi.cereri
	Ludi Cereales continue.

	13-43 ides 13:16  G NP ludi
	A white lamb is sacrificed to Jove.
	A Temple of Jove was dedicated on this day.
	Libertas is honored on this day.

	14-44  ater  13:18  HN ludi

	15-45  13:21 A FORD  NP  ludi
	The Fordicia
	A pregnant cow is sacrificed and the calf is offered.
	The ashes are saved for the Palilia.

	16-46  13:25  BN ludi
 
	17-47  13:27  CN ludi
	18-48  13:30  DN ludi

	19-49   13:32  E CER N lud.in.cir
	Ludi Cereales: Horse races
	Foxes are released with torches tied to their backs.
	Offerings of spelt and salt
	Libations of milk,honey, wine.

	20-50  13:35  FN

	21-51  13:37  G PAR NP

	 Palilia: This is a Feast of the Flocks, honoring Pales.  On
this day Romulus began the building of the City.  The celebration
consists of: leaping over bonfires; there is no formal sacrifice, but
horsesÕ blood is burnt and the ashes of a fetal calf and the ashes of
beans offered.

	Sulphur, olive, pine, laurel and rosemary are burned in offering.  
	Also cheese, wine, and cakes are offered to the fields and flocks. 
	Ashes of calf and bean stalk are offered.
	Jump over three fires set in a row.
	Asperge with a laurel branch.
	Fumigate  VestaÕs alter with horse blood, and calf ash, and bean stalk.
	Sweep and asperge the temple grounds.
	Purify the sheep at twilight.
	Deck the sheepfolds with wreathes and garlands.
	Burn sulphur, olive, pine, juniper, and laurel.
	Offer millet cakes and millet.
	Offer a pail of milk.
	Face East, wash hands with running water, say four times...
	Offer crater with milk and grape must.
	Jump over the fires.

	22-52  HN

	23-53  13:42  A VIN NP
	This day is holy to Jupiter.

	 Vinalia, or Veneralia: The Vinalia in this month is in honor
	of Venus; wine is offered are the temple of Venus prostitutes
	come an offer Her roses, myrtle, mint, and incense.: Wine must
	is offered to Venus.

	24-54  13:46  BC

	25-55  13:48  C ROB NP
	Robigalia-  The Festival of Robigus
	Dress in white.

	A flamen entered the grove of Robigus to offer the dog
entrails and sheep to flame.

	Offer incense, 
	wine,
	sheep entrails and dog entrails.
	The dog symbolizes the Dog Star.

	26-56  13:51  DF
	27-57  13:53  EC

	28-58 13:56  F NP  lud.flor
	Floralia- The festival of Flora.
	This festival extends past the Kalends.
	Flora has thousands of multi-colored flowers.
	Great licentiousness.
	This day is holy to Vesta and Apollo.
	29-59  13:58  GC  ludi
	30-60   14:01  HC  ludi
	Laurentalia, last day







iii.  May
	This month is sacred to Maia.

	
	1-61 Kalends 14:03  A NP ludi
	Festa of Bona Dea, the Maiama.
	A sacrifice is made to Juno.
	The Floralia continues 
	with bawdy shows in the the theatre, and horse races.
	Garlands of flowers.
	Lots of wine.
	Perfumed hair.
	Honored by prostitutes.
	This is considered a rustic holiday.

	Maiama
	Sacrifice a pregnant sow.

	2-62 ater  14:05 BF ludi
	3-63  14:09  CC lud.in.cir
	4-64  14:11  DC
	5-65  14:13
	6-66  14:16 FC
	7-67  nones  14:18  G N
 	8-68 ater  14:20  HF

	9-69  14:22  A LEM N
	Lemuria- Festival of the Spirits.
	Offerings to the spirits.
	Done at midnight.
	bare feet.
	Makes a sign of the fig.
	Wash hands with spring water.
	Throw beans over the shoulder.
	Say, Òthese I let fall, with these I ransom me and mine.Ó nine
times without looking back.
	The temples are closed.
	Marriage is not allowed.

	10-70  14:24  BC
	11-71  14:26 C LEM N
	Lemuria- continued.
	12-72  14:29  D NP lud.mart.in.circ
	13-73  14:31 E LEM N
	Lemuria - continued.

	14-74  14:33  FC
	A procession led by the Vestals is led through the City;
	straw men are thrown from a bridge into the river.  
	In times of old, men were thrown into the river instead of dolls.

	15-75  ides  14:35  G NP
A white lamb is sacrificed to Jove.
This day is holy to Mercury.
	Take water from a spring holy to Mercury, in a purified
pitcher, asperge articles of business with the laurel leaves.
	   
	16-76  ater  14:38  HF
	17-77  14:40  AC
	18-78  14:42  BC
	19-79   14:44  CC
	
	20-80  14:46  DC

	21-81  14:47  E AGON NP
	Agonalia-  The festival of Janus
	A ram is sacrificed.

	22-82  14:48  FN

	23-83  14:50  G TUB NP
	This day is holy to Vulcan.
	Tubilustrium-  Festival of the Trumpets.
	trumpets are ritually purified.
	24-84  14:52  HQ R C F
	25-85  14:54  AC
	26-86  14:55  BC
	27-87  14:57  CC
	28-88  14:59  DC
	29-89  15:00  EC
	30-90  15:02  FC
	31-X  15:03   GC






iv.  June
	This month is sacred to Juno.
	Marriage is not propitious before the Ides.  Afterwards it is.

	1-91 Kalends  15:04  H N
	 Fabaria-  festival of Carna:

The first day is dedicated to Carna, the goddess of the hinge:
With her spirit she opens the closed, and closes the open.
 
	on this day beans are offered to Carna. 
	eat pork, barley, and beans.
	Asperge doors posts thrice.
	Set piglet entrails out in the open.
	beseech the Daimons to leave the children be;
Do not look at the entrails.  Place a white thorn rod of Janus in the
window, and evil spirits will be kept at bay.

	   Matronalia, Fest of Juno
	A sacrifice is made to Juno.  
	A temple was consecrated to Juno Moneta by Camillus.
This same day is a festival of Mars.
	The temple to Tempestas was consecrated on this day. 
	This day is holy to Concordia.

	2-92 ater  15:05  AF
	3-93  15:06  BC 
hac sacrata die Tusco Bellona duello dicitur et Latio prospera semper adest.

	On this day a temple was dedicated to Bellona.  In times of
war, a spear was thrown over a column that stands in front.
	4-94  15:07  CC
	This day is holy to Hercules the Guardian.

	5-95 nones  15:09  D
nomina terna fero....  Fidius, Sancus, Pater Semo
	A solemn festival to Fidius Dius. Sancus-Fidius-Semo, a sabine God.
	6-96 ater  15:10  EN

	7-97  15:10  FN
	Festival of Tiber, especially dear to fishermen; games are
held on the Campus Martius.

	8-98  15:11  GN menti.in.capit
Mens quoque numen habet.  The mind also has numen.
On this day a temple to Mens was consecrated.

	9-99  15:12  H VEST fer.vestae
	Vestalia-
Vesta, fave!  Vesta, favor me! 
(in prece totus eram: caelestia numina sensi, laetaque purpurea luce refulsit 
humus.)
I was totally in prayer: I sensed the divine numen, and the happy
earth shone with purple light.
Vesta eadem est et terram... Vesta is the same as the earth... 
	Banquets are prepared.
	Meat is sent to the Vestals to be offered.
	Millstones are decked with garlands.
	Asses are decked and paraded.
	Ladies parade barefoot to the temple. 
	Jupiter Pistor.  An alter was consecrated to Juppiter pistor.

	Rite of Vacuna.  mos erat et mensae credere adesse deos; nunc
quoque, cum fiunt antiquae sacra Vacunae, ante Vacunales stantque
sedentque focos.
 
	10-100  15:13  AN

	11-101  15:14  B MATR N
	Matralia-

	12-102  15:14  CN
	13-103 ides  15:15 D N
	A white lamb is sacrificed to Jove.

	14-104 ater  15:15  E EN
	15-105 15:16  F Q ST D F
	16-106  15:16  GC
	17-107  15:16  HC
	18-108  15:17  AC
	19-109  15:17  BC
	This day is holy to Minerva.
	20-110  15:17  CC
	21-111  15:17  DC
      
	22-112  15:17  EC
	23-113  15:17  FC
	24-114  15:17  GC
Fortunalia,  festival  of  Fortuna, Venus  (Summer solstice eve)
	Much drinking
	Garlands on boats
	Nods to slaves.
	Groups of young men.
	25-115  15:17  HC
	Bacchanalia
	26-116  15:16  AC
	27-117  15:16  BC
	28-118  15:15  CF
	29-119  15:15  DF
	30-120  15:15  EC






v.  July   (Quintilis)
	This month is named after Julius Caesar.  It was originally
called Quintilis meaning the fifth month.

	1-121 Kalends  15:14
	Sacrifice is made to Juno.
	2-122  ater  15:14
	3-123 15:13 
	4-124  15:12
	5-125  15:11
	6-126  15:10

	7-127 nones  15:09 
	Matronalia, Fest of Juno; 
	The Games of Apollo are on this day.

	8-128 ater  15:08
	9-129 15:07
	10-130 15:06
	11-131  15:05
	12-132  15:03
	13-133  15:02
	14-134  15:00
	15-135  ides  14:59
	A white lamb is sacrificed to Jove.
	16-136 ater  14:58
	17-137  14:56
	18-138  14:54
	The Festival of Aius Locutus.
	19-139  14:53
	20-140  14:51
	21-141  14:49
	22-142  14:48

	23-143  14:46
	Neptunalia- The festival of Neptune.
	Neptune as protector of the water supply is celebrated.
	24-144  14:44
	25-145  14:42
	Furinalia-  festival of Furina
	26-146 14:41
	27-147  14:39
	28-148  14:37
	29-149  14:34
	30-150  14:32
	31-X  14:30







vi.   August (Sextilis)


	This month is named after Augustus Caesar.  It was originally
called Sextilis, the sixth month.

	1-151  Kalends 14:28
	Sacrifice to Juno.
	2-152 ater 14:26
	3-153 14:24
	4-154 14:22
	5-155 nones 14:19
	Annual sacrifice to Salus.
	6-156 ater 14:17
	7-157  14:15
	8-158 14:13
	9-159  14:09
	Festival to Sol Invictus
	10-160  14:07
	11-161  14:04
	12-162  14:02
	13-163  14:00 
	Festival of Diana at Nemi
	Vertumnalia-  The festival of Vertumnus
	Holy to Hercules Victor
	Holy to the Gemini
	Holy to Hecate
	Holy to Flora
	Holy to Camenae
 
	14-164 ater 13:57
	15-165  13:55
	16-166  13:52
	17-167  13:50 
	Portunalia: This is a festival of Portumnus; 
	This is a solemn rite;
	Keys are thrown into a fire.
	18-168  13:47
	19-169   13:45
	Consualia- This is the festival of Consus. 
	The altar of Consus  is dug up and a mule is sacrificed.  
	Beasts of burden are freed from labor.  
	Games are sponsored. 
	Finally, the altar is recovered for another year.
	Vinalia-  
	20-170  13:42
	21-171  13:40

	22-172  13:37
	23-173   13:35
	Volcanalia, Festival of Vulcan
	Fish are thrown in a fire.
	24-174  13:32
	25-175  13:29
	26-176  13:26
	27-177   13:23
	Volturnalia
	28-178  13:21
	29-179  13:18
	30-180  13:15
	31-X     13:13






vii.  September

	This monthÕs name simply means the seventh month.

	1-181  Kalends  13:10
	2-182  ater 13:07
	3-183  13:04
	4-184  13:02
	5-185  12:59  
	Ludi till the 19th
	6-186  ater  12:56
	7-187  12:54
	8-188 12:51
	Opiconsiva
	9-189  12:48
	10-190  12:45
	11-191  12:43
	12-192  12:40
	13-193  ides  12:36
	14-194 ater  12:33

		Festival of Vesta
	15-195  12:31
	Circenses Ludi, in honor of Consus, 15-20
	16-196  12:28
	17-197  12:25
	18-198  12:22
	19-199  12:20
	20-200  12:17
	21-201  12:14
	22-202  12:11
	23-203  12:08
	24-204  12:06
	25-205  12:03
	Bacchanalia
	26-206  12:00
	27-207  11:57
	28-208  11:54
	29-209  11:51
	30-210  11:48





	
viii.  October

	This monthÕs name means the eighth month.
	
	1-211  11:45
	2-212  ater  11:43
	3-213  11:40
	4-214  11:37
	5-215  11:34
	6-216  11:32
	7-217  nones 11:29
	8-218  ater 11:25
	9-219  11:23
	10-220  11:20
	11-221  11:17
	12-222  11:15
	13-223  11:12 
	Fontinalia
	14-224  11:09
	15-225   ides  11:06
	Sacrifice of a horse to Mars; A purification of the City
	16-226  ater  11:03
	17-227  11:01
	18-228  10:58
	19-229  10:56
	Armilustrium-  Festival of polishing the weapons.  Holy to Mars.
	20-230  10:53
	21-231  10:50
	22-232  10:47
	23-233  10:45
	24-234  10:42
	25-235  10:40
	26-236  10:36
	27-237  10:34
	28-238  10:31
	29-239  10:29
	30-240  10:26
	31-X     10:23






ix.    November

	November means simply the ninth month.

	1-241  10:21
	2-242 ater 10:19
	Hilaria
	3-243  10:16
	4-244  10:13
	5-245  nones 10:11
	6-246  ater  10:09
	7-247  10:06
	8-248  10:04
	9-249  10:02
	10-250  9:59
	11-251  9:56
	12-252  9:54
	Epulum Jovis in Capitoli
	13-253  ides 9:52
	14-254  ater  9:50
	15-255   9:48
	Feronia, feast of Ferona
	16-256  9:46
	17-257  9:44
	18-258  9:42
	19-259  9:40
	20-260  9:38
	21-261  9:36
	22-262  9:34
	23-263  9:32
	24-264  9:31
	25-265  9:28
	26-266  9:27
	27-267  9:25
	28-268  9:24
	29-269  9:22
	30-270  9:21




	

x.     December

	December means the tenth month.
	1-271  9:20
	2-272  ater  9:18
	3-273  9:17 
	Feast of Bona Dea, Fauna
	4-274  9:16
	5-275  9:15
	6-276 ater  9:14
	7-277  9:13
	8-278  9:11
	9-279  9:10
	10-280  9:10
	11-281   9:09
	Brumalia
	12-282  9:08
	13-283  ides  9:07
	14-284  ater 9:07
	 Consualia
	-Lararia
	15-285  9:15
	16-286  9:06
	Saturnalia, 16-23
	17-287 9:05
	18-288 9:05
	Eponalia, Feast of Epona
	19-289 9:05
	Opalia, 3rd day of Saturnalia
	-Compitalia, festival of the dead, Lares
	20-290  9:05
	21-291  9:04
	22-292  9:04
	23-293   9:04
	Laurentalia
	24-294  9:05
	25-295  9:05
	26-296  9:05
	27-297  9:06
	28-298  9:06
	29-299  9:06
	30-300  9:07
	31-X     9:08





xi.  January

	January is the month sacred to the divine Janus.

	1-301  Kalends 9:08  AKF
	2-302  ater 9:09  BF
	3-303  9:10  CC
	4-304  9:11  DC
	5-305  nones 9:12  E F
	6-306  ater  9:13  FF
	7-307  9:15  GC
	8-308   9:16  HC
	Day of Justicia
	9-309  9:17  A AGON
	Agonia, Festival of Janus
	10-310  9:18  B EN
	11-311   9:19  C CAR Np
	Carmentales
	12-312   9:21  DC
	Compitalia
	13-313 ides 9:22  E EID NP
	14-314 ater 9:24  F EN dies.vitios.ex.s.c
	15-315  9:25  G CAR
	Feast of the Ass, Feast of Vesta
	   -Carmentalia, Feast of Goddess of Childbirth
	16-316  9:27  HC
	17-317  9:29  AC
	18-318  9:30  BC
	Theogamia, Feast of Juno
	19-319  9:32  CC
	20-320  9:34  DC
	21-321  9:36  EC
	22-322  9:38  FC
	23-323  9:40  GC
	24-324  9:42  HC
	25-325  9:44  AC
	26-326  9:46  BC
	27-327  9:48  CC
	28-328  9:51 DC
	29-329  9:53 EC
	Feast of Concordia
	30-330  9:55  F NP
	31-X  9:58 GC




	
xii.   February

	February is last month of the year, indicating the time of warming.


	1-331  kalends  10:00  H  N
	2-332 ater  10:02  AN
	3-333  10:04  BN
	4-334  10:07 CN
	5-335  nones 10:09  D
	6-336 ater 10:11  EN
	7-337  10:14  FN
	8-338  10:17  GN
	9-339  10:19  HN
	10-340  10:22  AN
	11-341  10:24  BN
	12-342  10:27  CN
	13-343   ides 10:29  D NP
	Parentalia, fest of Mania and Vesta, 13 (to 18)
	14-344 ater 10:32 EN
	15-345 10:35 F LVPER NP
	Februa, Fest of Purification
	    Lupercalia- Fest of Pan for protecting the flocks.
	16-346  10:37  G EN
	17-347  10:41 H QUIR NP
	18-348  10:43  AC
	19-349  10:45  BC
	20-350  10:48  CC
	21-351  10:51  D FERAL F
	22-352  10:54  EC
	23-353  10:56 F TER NP
	Terminalia- Fest of boundaries
	-Lucaria, feast of the grove
	-Fugalia: The celebration of the exile of the Tarquins
	-Day of Tacita, The day of the silent Goddess,Lara. 	  20
	-Fornacalia, 17
	-Feralia, 17 or 21 for 11 days
	-Charistia, feast of reconciliation, 20
	24-354  10:59  G REGIF N
	Refugium
	25-355  11:02  HC
	26-356  11:05  A EN
	27-357  11:08 B EQ NP
	28-358  11:10  CC